How to create a self-signed SSL Certificate

Overview

The following is an extremely simplified view of how SSL is implemented and what part the certificate plays in the entire process.

Normal web traffic is sent unencrypted over the Internet. That is, anyone with access to the right tools can snoop all of that traffic. Obviously, this can lead to problems, especially where security and privacy is necessary, such as in credit card data and bank transactions. The Secure Socket Layer is used to encrypt the data stream between the web server and the web client (the browser).

SSL makes use of what is known as asymmetric cryptography, commonly referred to as public key cryptography (PKI). With public key cryptography, two keys are created, one public, one private. Anything encrypted with either key can only be decrypted with its corresponding key. Thus if a message or data stream were encrypted with the server's private key, it can be decrypted only using its corresponding public key, ensuring that the data only could have come from the server.

If SSL utilizes public key cryptography to encrypt the data stream traveling over the Internet, why is a certificate necessary? The technical answer to that question is that a certificate is not really necessary- the data is secure and cannot easily be decrypted by a third party. However, certificates do serve a crucial role in the communication process. The certificate, signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA), ensures that the certificate holder is really who he claims to be. Without a trusted signed certificate, your data may be encrypted, however, the party you are communicating with may not be whom you think. Without certificates, impersonation attacks would be much more common.

Step 1: Generate a Private Key

The openssl toolkit is used to generate an RSA Private Key and CSR (Certificate Signing Request). It can also be used to generate self-signed certificates which can be used for testing purposes or internal usage.

The first step is to create your RSA Private Key. This key is a 1024 bit RSA key which is encrypted using Triple-DES and stored in a PEM format so that it is readable as ASCII text.

openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
.........................................................++++++
........++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase:

Step 2: Generate a CSR (Certificate Signing Request)

Once the private key is generated a Certificate Signing Request can be generated. The CSR is then used in one of two ways. Ideally, the CSR will be sent to a Certificate Authority, such as Thawte or Verisign who will verify the identity of the requestor and issue a signed certificate. The second option is to self-sign the CSR, which will be demonstrated in the next section.

During the generation of the CSR, you will be prompted for several pieces of information. These are the X.509 attributes of the certificate. One of the prompts will be for "Common Name (e.g., YOUR name)". It is important that this field be filled in with the fully qualified domain name of the server to be protected by SSL. If the website to be protected will be https://public.akadia.com, then enter public.akadia.com at this prompt. The command to generate the CSR is as follows:

openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:CH
State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:Bern
Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:Oberdiessbach
Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:Akadia AG
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Information Technology
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:public.akadia.com
Email Address []:martin dot zahn at akadia dot ch
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

Step 3: Remove Passphrase from Key

One unfortunate side-effect of the pass-phrased private key is that Apache will ask for the pass-phrase each time the web server is started. Obviously this is not necessarily convenient as someone will not always be around to type in the pass-phrase, such as after a reboot or crash. mod_ssl includes the ability to use an external program in place of the built-in pass-phrase dialog, however, this is not necessarily the most secure option either. It is possible to remove the Triple-DES encryption from the key, thereby no longer needing to type in a pass-phrase. If the private key is no longer encrypted, it is critical that this file only be readable by the root user! If your system is ever compromised and a third party obtains your unencrypted private key, the corresponding certificate will need to be revoked. With that being said, use the following command to remove the pass-phrase from the key:

cp server.key server.key.org
openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key

The newly created server.key file has no more passphrase in it.

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 745 Jun 29 12:19 server.csr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 891 Jun 29 13:22 server.key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 963 Jun 29 13:22 server.key.org

Step 4: Generating a Self-Signed Certificate

At this point you will need to generate a self-signed certificate because you either don't plan on having your certificate signed by a CA, or you wish to test your new SSL implementation while the CA is signing your certificate. This temporary certificate will generate an error in the client browser to the effect that the signing certificate authority is unknown and not trusted.

To generate a temporary certificate which is good for 365 days, issue the following command:

openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=CH/ST=Bern/L=Oberdiessbach/O=Akadia AG/OU=Information
Technology/CN=public.akadia.com/Email=martin dot zahn at akadia dot ch
Getting Private key

Step 5: Installing the Private Key and Certificate

When Apache with mod_ssl is installed, it creates several directories in the Apache config directory. The location of this directory will differ depending on how Apache was compiled.

cp server.crt /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt
cp server.key /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.key

Step 6: Configuring SSL Enabled Virtual Hosts

SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/server.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.key/server.key
SetEnvIf User-Agent ".*MSIE.*" nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown
CustomLog logs/ssl_request_log \
   "%t %h %{SSL_PROTOCOL}x %{SSL_CIPHER}x \"%r\" %b"

Step 7: Restart Apache and Test

/etc/init.d/httpd stop
/etc/init.d/httpd stop

https://public.akadia.com

SSH VI Editor keyboard shortcuts.

Shortcut	Command
Insert
VI
i	Inserts text to the left of the cursor.
I	Inserts text at the beginning of the line, no matter where the cursor is positioned on the current line.
Append
VI
a	Begins inserting after the character (append) on which the cursor is positioned.
A	Begins inserting at the end of the current line, no matter where the cursor is positioned on that line.
Open
VI
o	Begins inserting text on a new, empty line that is opened for you, below the current line. This is the only command that will allow you to insert text BELOW the LAST line of the file.
O	Begins inserting text on a new, empty line that is opened for you, above the current line. This is the only command that will allow you to insert text ABOVE the FIRST line of the file.
Deleting,copying and changing
VI
d	Delete text. (see explanation above)
y	Copy text (that is, yank it into a holding area for later use). (see explanation above)
c	Change text from one thing to another, which you will type. (see explanation above)
!	Filter text through a program.
<	Shift a region of text to the left.
>	Shift a region of text to the right.
Single Key Movements
VI
h	Move cursor to the left one character.
l	Move cursor to the right one character.
j	Move cursor down one line.
k	Move cursor up one line.
^	Move cursor to the beginning of the line.
$	Move cursor to the end of the current line.
1G	Move cursor to the first line of your document. Other numbers will move to the line specified by number (ex. 50G goes to the 50th line).
G	Move cursor to the last line of your file.
CTRL U	Move cursor up in file 12 lines. Hold down the key marked CTRL (stands for control) and type U. CTRL is like another shift key.
CTRL D	Move cursor down in file 15 lines.
w	Move cursor forward to the next word, stopping at punctuation.
W	Move cursor forward to the next word, ignoring punctuation.
e	Move cursor forward to the end of the word, stopping at punctuation.
E	Move cursor forward to the end of the word, ignores punctuation.
b	Move cursor backwards to the previous word, stopping at punctuation.
B	Move cursor backwards to the previous word, ignores punctuation.
H	Move cursor to the top line of the screen, (as opposed to the top of the document which may not be the same place).
M	Move cursor to the middle of the screen.
L	Move cursor to the last line on the screen.
%	Move cursor to the matching parenthesis, bracket or brace. Great for debugging programs.
(	Move cursor to the beginning of the previous sentence (where a punctuation mark and two spaces define a sentence).
)	Move cursor to the beginning of the next sentence.
{	Move cursor to the beginning of the current paragraph.
}	Move cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph.
;	Repeat the last f or F command (see below).
Almost Single Key Movements
VI
'	Move cursor to a previously marked location in the file. (ex. ma marks the location with the letter a, so a (apostrophe a) moves back to that location).
f	Find the character corresponding to the next keystroke typed. Move the cursor to the next occurrence of that character (on the current line only).
F	Same as f but movement is backwards.
Useful
VI
x	Delete character(s) to the right of the cursor, starting with the one beneath it.
r	Replace the character under the cursor with the next character you type. This can be a very useful command. If you wanted to split up a line between two words, you might put the cursor on the blank space before the word you would like to go on the next line and type r . This would replace the space between the words with a carriage return and put the rest of the line onto a new line.
J	Join lines; the opposite of the line splitting operation above. This will join the current line with the next line in your file. Also very useful.
R	Replace lines; puts you in INSERT mode but types over the characters that are already on the current line.
p	Paste line(s) you deleted (or yanked) back into the file. This is an excellent command if you want to move a few lines somewhere else in your file. Just type 3dd to delete three lines, for example, and then move to where you want those lines to be and type p to paste the lines back into your file below the cursor.
.	The period . command repeats the last text modification command, whatever it may have been (insert, deletion, etc).
:r filename RETURN	Read a file into the current file being edited. The file be added gets placed below the current cursor position. Please note the colon : before the r in this command.
CTRL L	Redraw the screen. If somebody writes to you while you are in the middle of vi and junk appears all over your screen, dont panic, it did not hurt your file, but you will have to hold down the CTRL key and type L to clean it up (CTRL L).
d$	Delete (including the current character), to the end of the line.
d^	Delete (excluding the current character), to the beginning of the line.
dw	Delete a word(s), stops at punctuation.
dW	Delete a word(s), ignoring punctuation.
de	Delete to the end of next word.
dd	Delete a line(s).
dG	Delete from the current line to the end of the document. CAREFUL: Slightly dangerous.
dH	Delete from the current line to the line shown at the top of the screen.
Search and Replace
VI
/the	Finds the next occurence of the. This will also find their, them, another, etc.
?the	Finds the previous occurence of the.
n	Repeats the last search command. Finds the Next occurence.
d/the	Deletes until the next occurence of the. This is to demonstrate how the delete prefix can be used with any cursor movement command.
:g/oldword/s//newword/gc	This will find all occurences of oldword and replace them with newword. The optional c at the end of the command tells vi that you would like to confirm each change. Vi will want you to type in y to make the change or n to skip that replacement. Great for spelling fixes.
Exit
VI
ESC :wq RETURN	Save and exit VI
ESC :q! RETURN	Exit WITHOUT saving changes

How To scp, ssh and rsync without prompting for password

Whenever you need to use scp to copy files, it asks for passwords. Same with rsync as it (by default) uses ssh as well. Usually scp and rsync commands are used to transfer or backup files between known hosts or by the same user on both the hosts. It can get really annoying the password is asked every time. I even had the idea of writing an expect script to provide the password. Of course, I didn't. Instead I browsed for a solution and found it after quite some time. There are already a couple of links out there which talk about it. I am adding to it...

Lets say you want to copy between two hosts host_src and host_dest. host_src is the host where you would run the scp, ssh or rsyn command, irrespective of the direction of the file copy!

1. On host_src, run this command as the user that runs scp/ssh/rsync

   $ ssh-keygen -t rsa

   This will prompt for a passphrase. Just press the enter key. It'll then generate an identification (private key) and a public key. Do not ever share the private key with anyone! ssh-keygen shows where it saved the public key. This is by default ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub:

   Your public key has been saved in /.ssh/id_rsa.pub

2. Transfer the id_rsa.pub file to host_dest by either ftp, scp, rsync or any other method.

3. On host_dest, login as the remote user which you plan to use when you run scp, ssh or rsync on host_src.

4. Copy the contents of id_rsa.pub to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

$ cat id_rsa.pub >>~/.ssh/authorized_keys
$ chmod 700 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

If this file does not exists, then the above command will create it. Make sure you remove permission for others to read this file. If its a public key, why prevent others from reading this file? Probably, the owner of the key has distributed it to a few trusted users and has not placed any additional security measures to check if its really a trusted user.

5. Note that ssh by default does not allow root to log in. This has to be explicitly enabled on host_dest. This can be done by editing /etc/ssh/sshd_config and changing the option of PermitRootLogin from no to yes. Don't forget to restart sshd so that it reads the modified config file. Do this only if you want to use the root login.

Well, thats it. Now you can run scp, ssh and rsync on host_src connecting to host_dest and it won't prompt for the password. Note that this will still prompt for the password if you are running the commands on host_dest connecting to host_src. You can reverse the steps above (generate the public key on host_dest and copy it to host_src) and you have a two way setup ready!

Content copied from http://blogs.sun.com/jkini/entry/how_to_scp_scp_and

Virender Sehwag on Sachin Tendulkar

Tendulkar controls the game
What are the things that set the great man apart from mere mortals? The ability to read the game acutely, pick the ball early, dedication, discipline and more

The first time Virender Sehwag met Sachin Tendulkar was in March 2001, at a practice session ahead of the first ODI of the home series against Australia. For Sehwag, Tendulkar was the man who had inspired him to skip exams in school and allowed him to dream of cricket as a career. Sehwag was shy then, and didn't speak to his hero. He got 58 off 51 balls and picked up three wickets. Tendulkar later walked up to him and said, "You've got talent. Continue playing the same way and I'm sure you will make your name." That ability to motivate youngsters is one of the traits, Sehwag says, that makes Tendulkar special. Here he tells Cricinfo about 10 things that make Tendulkar stand out.

Discipline
He never comes late to any practice session, never comes late to the team bus, never comes late to any meeting - he is always five minutes ahead of time. If you are disciplined, it shows you are organised. And then he is ready for anything on the cricket field.

Mental strength
I've learned a lot of things from him as far as mental strength goes - on how to tacke a situation, how to tackle a ball or bowler. If you are not tough mentally, you can't score the number of runs and centuries he has in the last two decades. He is a very good self-motivator.

He always said to me: whatever the situation or whichever the bowler you face, always believe in yourself. There was this occasion in South Africa, early in my career, when I was not scoring runs fluently, so he suggested I try a few mental techniques that had worked for him. One of the things he said was: Always tell yourself you are better than others. You have some talent and that is why you are playing for India, so believe in yourself.

Picking the ball early
He can pick the ball earlier than other batsmen and that is a mark of a great batsman. He is virtually ready for the ball before it is bowled. Only great players can have two shots for one ball, like Tendulkar does, and a big reason is that he picks the ball very early.

Soft hands
I've never seen him play strokes with hard hands. He always tries to play with soft hands, always tries to meet the ball with the centre of the bat. That is timing. I have never been able to play consistently with soft hands.

Planning
One reason he can convert his fifties into hundreds is planning: which bowler he should go after, which bowler he should respect, in which situation he should play aggressively, in which situation he should defend. It is because he has spent hours thinking about all of it, planning what to do. He knows what a bowler will do in different situations and he is ready for it.

In my debut Test he scored 155 and he knew exactly what to do every ball. We had already lost four wickets (68 for 4) when I walked in, and he warned me about the short ball. He told me that the South African fast bowlers would bowl short-of-length balls regularly, but he knew how to counter that. If they bowled short of a length, he cut them over slips; when they bowled outside off stump, he cut them; and when they tried to bowl short into his body, he pulled with ease. Luckily his advice had its effect on me, and I made my maiden hundred!

Adaptability
This is one area where he is really fast. And that is because he is such a good reader of the game. After playing just one or two overs he can tell you how the pitch will behave, what kind of bounce it has, which length is a good one for the batsman, what shots to play and what not to.
A good example was in the Centurion ODI of the 2006-07 series. India were batting first. Shaun Pollock bowled the first over and fired in a few short-of-length balls, against which I tried to play the back-foot punch. Tendulkar cautioned me immediately and said that

Making bowlers bowl to his strengths
He will leave a lot of balls and give the bowler a false sense of security, but the moment it is pitched up to the stumps or closer to them, Tendulkar will easily score runs.

If the bowler is bowling outside off stump Tendulkar can disturb his line by going across outside off stump and playing to midwicket. He puts doubts in the bowler's mind, so that he begins to wonder if he has bowled the wrong line and tries to bowl a little outside off stump - which Tendulkar can comfortably play through covers.

In Sydney in 2004, in the first innings he didn't play a single cover drive, and remained undefeated on 241. He decided to play the straight drive and flicks, so he made the bowlers pitch to his strengths. It is not easy. In the Test before that, in Melbourne, he had got out trying to flick. After that when we had a chat he said he was getting out playing the cover drive and the next game he would avoid the cover drive. I thought he was joking because nobody cannot not play the cover drive - doesn't matter if you are connecting or not. I realised he was serious in Sydney when he was on about 180-odd and he had missed plenty of opportunities to play a cover drive. I was stunned.

Ability to bat in different gears
This is one aspect of batting I have always discussed with Tendulkar: how he controls his game; the way he can change gears after scoring a half-century. Suddenly he scores 10-12 runs an over, or maybe a quick 30 runs in five overs, and then again slows down and paces his innings.

He has maintained that it all depends on the team's position. If you are in a good position you tend to play faster. He also pointed out that the batsman must always think about what can happen if he gets out and the consequences for the team. The best example is the knock of 175. I was confident he would pull it off for India and he almost did.

Building on an innings
I learned from Tendulkar how to get big hundreds. He told me early on that once you get a hundred you are satisfied for yourself. But it is also the best time to convert that into a bigger score for the team because then the team will be in a good position.

If you look at my centuries they have always been big. A good instance of this was in Multan in 2004, when he told me I had given away a good position in Melbourne (195) the previous year and the team lost, and I needed to keep that in mind against Pakistan. In Multan, in the first hundred of the triple century I had hit a few sixes. He walked up to me after I reached the century and said he would slap me if I hit any further sixes. I said why. He said that if I tried hitting a six and got out the team would lose the control over the game, and I needed to bat through the day. So I didn't hit a single six till I reached 295. By then India were 500-plus and I told him I was going to hit a six!

Dedication
This is the most important aspect of his success. In his life cricket comes first. When he is on tour he is thinking about nothing but cricket, and when he is not on tour he dedicates quality time to his family. That shows his dedication to the game and to his family. He has found the right balance.

The World will End In 2012

Several experts from across the globe are predicting that the earth is likely to end by the year 2012. The reason could be a human effect or natural disaster. From Chinese theories to scientific predictions the most likely date is the year 2012

SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS from around the world are predicting that five years from now, all life on Earth could well come to an end. Some are saying it’ll be humans that would set it off. Others believe that a natural phenomenon will be the cause. And the religious folks are saying it’ll be God himself who would press the stop button. The following are some likely arguments as to why the world would end by the year 2012.
Reason one: Mayan calendar

Reason one: Mayan calendar
The first to predict 2012 as the end of the world were the Mayans, a bloodthirsty race that were good at two things -- building highly accurate astrological equipment out of stone and sacrificing virgins.

Thousands of years ago they managed to calculate the length of the lunar moon as 329.53020 days, only 34 seconds out. The Mayan calendar predicts that the earth will end on December 21, 2012. Given that they were pretty close to the mark with the lunar cycle, it’s likely they’ve got the end of the world right as well.

Reason two: Sun storms

Solar experts from around the world monitoring the sun have made a startling discovery. Our sun is in a bit of strife. The energy output of the sun is, like most things in nature, cyclic and it’s supposed to be in the middle of a period of relative stability. However, recent solar storms have been bombarding the earth with lot of radiation energy. It’s been knocking out power grids and destroying satellites. This activity is predicted to get worse and calculations suggest it’ll reach its deadly peak sometime in 2012.

Reason three: The atom smasher

Scientists in Europe have been building the world’s largest particle accelerator. Basically, its a 27 km tunnel designed to smash atoms together to find out what makes the universe tick. However, the mega-gadget has caused serious concern, with some scientists suggesting that it’s properly even a bad idea to turn it on in the first place. They’re predicting all manner of deadly results, including mini black holes. So when this machine is fired up for its first serious experiment in 2012, the world could be crushed into a super-dense blob the size of a basketball.

Reason four: The Bible says it

If having scientists warning us about the end of the world isn’t bad enough, religious folks are getting in on the act as well. Interpretations of the Christian Bible reveal that the date for Armageddon, the final battle between good an evil, has been set for 2012. The I Ching, also known as the Chinese Book of Changes, says the same thing, as do various sections of the Hindu teachings.

Reason five: Super volcano

Yellowstone National Park in United States is famous for its thermal springs and old faithful geyser. The reason for this is simple -- it’s sitting on top of the world’s biggest volcano and geological experts are beginning to get nervous sweats. The Yellowstone volcano has a pattern of erupting every 650,000 years or so, and we’re many years overdue for an explosion that will fill the atmosphere with ash, blocking the sun and plunging the earth into a frozen winter that could last up to 15,000 years. The pressure under the Yellowstone is building steadily, and geologists have set 2012 as a likely date for the big bang.

Reason six: The physicists

This one’s case of bog -- simple maths mathematics. Physicists at Berkely University have been crunching the numbers. They’ve determined that the earth is well overdue for a major catastrophic event. Even worse, they’re claiming that their calculations prove that we’re all going to die, very soon. They are also saying that their prediction comes with a certainty of 99 per cent; and 2012 just happens to be the best guess as to when it occurs.

Reason seven: Earth’s magnetic field

We all know the Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field that shields us from most of the sun’s radiation. What you might not know is that the magnetic poles we call North and South have a nasty habit of swapping places every 750,000 years or so -- and right now we’re about 30,000 years overdue. Scientists have noted that the poles are drifting apart roughly 20-30 kms each year, much faster than ever before, which points to a pole-shift being right around the corner. While the pole shift is under way, the magnetic field is disrupted and will eventually disappear, sometimes for up to 100 years. The result is enough UV outdoors to crisp your skin in seconds, killing everything it touches

Tribute to Indian batting maestro Sachin Tendulkar

Following is a compilation of quotes from current and former cricketers and other eminent personalities paying tribute to Indian batting maestro Sachin Tendulkar for completing 20 years in international cricket:

"It can be said that he is the Bradman of our times and I do feel privileged to have played a lot of cricket against him." - Former Australian captain Steve Waugh.

"I think, apart from Sir Garfield Sobers nobody else has played 20 years in international cricket and 20 years playing at the very highest level and to the very highest standard is an achievement beyond compare." - Former India captain Sunil Gavaskar.

"He continues to give more than 100 per cent and his schoolboy-like enthusiasm for the game is something I envy and admire. For the team he is the best available coaching manual." - Indian captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni.

"There will never be another Sachin Tendulkar." - Sri Lankan off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan.

"The way he has taken on the role of India's greatest sporting ambassador... He has, among other things, inspired a generation and more to play cricket." - India's 1983 World Cup winning captain Kapil Dev.

"His humbleness and simplicity has helped him to achieve what others could not. His dedication is one of the main reasons for his achievements and he is role model to up and coming youngsters. In India every youngster who is in to school or college cricket wants to become a Sachin." - Former captain and Chairman of India's selection panel Kris Srikkanth.

"What I admire about Sachin is his humility, respect for elders and the passion for the game that he has retained even after so many years and after achieving so much in cricket. He has not changed at all." - Former India captain Dilip Vengsarkar.

"He is a great human being, a great player and I have been very lucky to have a friend like Sachin Tendulkar. I want to wish him all the luck. I want to congratulate him for finishing his 20 years in international cricket. He has dominated world cricket for 20 years and I hope that he will continue to dominate it." - Indian off-spinner Harbhajan Singh.

"I have delayed my shoots many times to watch Sachin bat" - Filmstar Amitabh Bachchan.

"When he is in full flow, the mild-mannered boyish cricketer can look extremely intimidating. If there is a resonance, I find of myself in his batting, it is in that intent that he communicates." - Former West Indies captain and batting great Vivian Richards.

"Over the years Sachin has remained remarkably consistent and has more records than anybody I can remember. His talent and versatility are unquestioned which is why the only question that rankles is why he did not win enough games for his team?" - Former Pakistan captain Imran Khan.

"His biggest strength as a batsman is his adaptability. And that is something really. really amazing, something so special." - Former India captain Sourav Ganguly.

"In his life cricket comes first. When he is on tour he is thinking about nothing but cricket, and when he is not on tour he dedicates quality time to his family. That shows his dedication to the game and to his family. He has found the right balance." - Tendulkar's India teammate and opening partner Virender Sehwag.

"He loves cricket and with his hardwork, focus and commitment he has truly become a outstanding ambassador for the sport at a time when commercialism is so rampant." - Former Pakistan captain and coach Javed Miandad.

"I think Tendulkar has outdone all the other greats with his hunger for the game which is amazing." - Former Pakistan leg-spinner Abdul Qadir.

"What has impressed me the most about Tendulkar all these years is his humble and simple nature. I never saw him ever let the fame and adulation he enjoys get to his head." - Former Pakistan captain Inzamam-ul Haq.

"I don't watch cricket much but I admire Sachin Tendulkar. I like the way he has conducted himself over the years. He has been such a huge star for so long but has not had a single controversy against his name." - Olympic bronze medallist boxer Vijender Singh.

"The best thing about Sachin Tendulkar is that he's completely rooted, down to earth, and a thorough gentleman. He's probably the best thing to have happened to Indian cricket and maybe Indian sport as a whole." - Indian tennis star Sania Mirza.

"I see him continuing until more landmarks like 50 hundreds. 100 centuries is not difficult for him because the passion for the game is still very much there even after 20 years," - former Pakistan captain Rashid Latif.

Cricketing fraternity lauds Tendulkar

India's cricket fraternity today lavished praise on the country's batting icon Sachin Tendulkar for becoming the first player in the game's history to cross the 17,000-run mark.

Tendulkar, who was chasing the milestone from the onset of the series against Australia, achieved the feat when he, requiring seven runs coming into today's match, played an on-drive to fetch three off pacer Ben Hilfenhaus during the fifth one-dayer in Hyderabad.

"It's really a remarkable achievement. He is one of the best cricketers of the world cricket. I have had some good memories with him, having partnered him for years in one-day cricket," said former India skipper Sourav Ganguly.

The southpaw also wished the little master for the 2011 World Cup, to be co-hosted by India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

"I wish he scores another 2000 runs by 2011 World Cup. Sachin knows best how to accumulate runs. Once he gets going he becomes unstoppable," Ganguly said.

Meanwhile, Mumbai batsman Wasim Jaffer hoped that Tendulkar would also achieve 20,000-run mark.

"He has achieved several records. I hope that he reaches the 20,000-run mark. Whatever he has achieved, it is nearly impossible to achieve for anyone else. I just wish that he keeps on going and gets more and more runs for India," Jaffer said.

Tendulkar reached the milestone in his 435th match and 66th tie against the World Cup holders.

"It's a great achievement. Anyone playing for 21 years is not an easy job, we are proud of him," said batsman Rohit Sharma.

"Sachin has played for 20 odd years and I think, it's wonderful task by a man who has achieved so much. I congratulate him," South Africa cricketer Herchelle Gibbs said.

Tendulkar made a 141-ball 175 in front of the 35,000 strong packed crowd which erupted in joy when Tendulkar reached the magic figure in company of opening partner Virender Sehwag.

Dhoni criticises top order batsmen

Vadodara: Indian captain M.S. Dhoni said that the top order did not get enough runs to sustain the chase against Australia in the first match of the Hero Honda Cup One-Day International series that commenced here on Sunday.

“The top order didn’t get much runs. Among the top six batsmen, there was only one fifty. When you are chasing a big total like this what you really want from the top order is that one of the guys gets a big hundred otherwise you want big partnerships to happen,” Dhoni said.

Dhoni also admitted that the team failed to cash in on the Power Play. “We lost four wickets in the Power Play without cashing in too much but thanks to Harbhajan Singh and Praveen Kumar, we got close.

The four wickets we lost in the Power Play was the turning point,” Dhoni said besides praising Ishant Sharma’s bowling and confirming that Yuvraj Singh will play in the second match at Nagpur on Wednesday.
Bad bowling

Meanwhile, Australian captain Ricky Ponting said that his team’s bowling in the last 10 overs was bad.

“Harbhajan didn’t take the game away from us though he did come close. Our bowling in the last 10 overs was bad. I don’t think that we can be that bad again,” Ponting said.

The Australian skipper praised Peter Siddle’s last over. “Siddle was calm and composed and it will help him in the long run. Shane Watson is one of our better finishers but he had finished his 10 and we gave it to Siddle and he did a good job,” Ponting said.

He added that Brett Lee had a sore elbow that prevented him from bowling his full quota of overs. Ponting also praised Michael Hussey, Tim Paine and Cameron White’s batting.
Preparations hindered

The Australian captain said that the Champions League that concluded on Friday in Hyderabad did hinder his team’s preparations ahead of the current seven-match ODI series against India.

Six of the squad members — Brett Lee, Doug Bollinger, Nathan Hauritz, Cameron White, Peter Siddle and Jon Holland — were busy playing for New South Wales Blues and Victoria Bushrangers before they joined the Australian squad at Vadodara.

“The fact that some of our players joined us last night and day before after the Champions League did hinder our preparations and team tactics. Three of the guys got in last night after half past eight and we took the team bus to the ground at seven in the morning and that hardly gave us any time to discuss and that makes this victory all the more special,” Ponting said

BSNL JTO 2008 Sample Papers

If the voltage applied across a capacitance is triangular in waveform then the waveform of the current is-
a) Triangular
b) Trapezoidal
c) Sinusoidal
d) Rectangular
Answer is :- Rectangular

1. One of the following statement which is true for relative dielectric constant is -
a) It is dimensionless
b) It is not equal to unity for vacuum
c) It?s value for all substances is less than one
d) None
Answer is :- It is dimensionless
2. Pure metals generally have-
a) high conductivity and low temperature coefficient
b) high conductivity and large temperature coefficient
c) low conductivity and zero temperature coefficient
d) low conductivity and high temperature coefficient
Answer is :- high conductivity and large temperature coefficient
3. For small size, high frequency coils, the most common core material is
a) Air
b) Ferrite
c) Powdered ion
d) Steel
Answer is :- Air
4. For an abrupt junction Varactor diode, the dependence of device capacitance (C) on applied reverse bias (V) is given by-
a) C a V1/3
b) C a V-1/3
c) C a V1/2
d) C a V-1/2
Answer is :- C a V-1/3
5. A superconductor is a-
a) A material showing perfect conductivity and Meissner effect below a critical temperature
b) A conductor having zero resistance
c) A perfect conductor with highest dimagnetic susceptibility
d) A perfect conductor which becomes resistive when the current density through it exceeds a critical value
Answer is :-A material showing perfect conductivity and Meissner effect below a critical temperature
6. When a semiconductor based temperature transducer has a temperature coefficient of ?2500 mV/0C then this transducer is indeed a-
a) Thermistor
b) Forward biased pn junction diode
c) Reverse biased pn junction diode
d) FET
Answer is :- Forward biased pn junction diode
7. The location of lightning arrestor is -
a) Near the transformer
b) Near the circuit breaker
c) Away from the transformer
d) None
Answer is :- Near the transformer
8. Time constant of an RC circuit increases if the value of the resistance is -
a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Neither a nor b
d) Both a and b
Answer is :- Increased
9. Intrinsic semiconductors are those which -
a) Are available locally
b) Are made of the semiconductor material in its purest from
c) Have more electrons than holes
d) Have zero energy gaps
Answer is :- Are made of the semiconductor material in its purest from
10. The primary control on drain current in a JFET is exerted by -
a) Channel resistance
b) Size of depletion regions
c) Voltage drop across channel
d) Gate reverse bias
Answer is :- Gate reverse bias
11. The electrical conductivity of metals which is expressed in ohm-1 m-1 is of the order of -
a) 1010
b) 105
c) 10-4
d) 10-6
Answer is :- 105
12. When biased correctly, a zener diode ?
a) acts as a fixed resistance
b) has a constant voltage across it
c) has a constant current passing through it
d) never overheats
Answer is :- has a constant voltage across it
13. The current amplification factor adc is given by ?
a) IC/IE
b) IC/IB
c) IB/IC
d) IB/IC
Answer is :- IC/IE
14. Compared to bipolars, FETs have-
a) high input impedance
b) low input impedance
c) same input impedance
d) none
Answer is :- high input impedance
15. The source-drain channel of JFET is -
a) ohmic
b) bilateral
c) unilateral
d) both a and b
Answer is :- both a and b
16. diac is equivalent to a -
a) Pair of SCRs
b) Pair of four layer SCRs
c) Diode and two resistors
d) Triac width
Answer is :- Pair of four layer SCRs
17. When a sample of N type semiconductor has electron density of 6.25 ? 1011 /cm3 at 300K and if the intrinsic concentration of carriers in this sample is 2.5 ? 1013/cm3 then the hole density will be ?
a) 106/cm3
b) 103/ cm3
c) 1010/ cm3
d) 1012/ cm3
Answer is :- 103/ cm3
18. The statement ?In any network of linear impedances, the current flowing at any point is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents caused to flow at that point by each of the sources of emf taken separately with all other emf?s reduced to zero? represents -
a) Kirchhoff?s law
b) Norton?s theorem
c) Thevenin?s theorem
d) Superposition theorem
Answer is :- Superposition theorem
19. One of the following modes which has the characteristics of attenuation becoming less as the frequency is increased and is attractive at microwave frequencies of circular cylindrical wave guides is ?
a) TE1 mode
b) TM01 mode
c) TE01 mode
d) Higher order mode
Answer is :- TE01 mode
20. A two-port network is symmetrical if ?
a) z11z22 ? z12z21 = 1
b) h11h22 ? h12h21 = 1
c) AD ? BC = 1
d) y11y22 ? y12y21 = 1
Answer is :-AD ? BC = 1
21. For transmission line load matching over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a-
a) balun
b) broad band directional coupler
c) double stub
d) single stub of adjustable position
Answer is :- double stub
22. The poles and zeros of a driving point function of a network are simple and interlace on the negative real axis with a pole closest to the origin. It can be realised -
a) by an LC network
b) as an RC driving point impedance
c) as an RC driving point admittance
d) only by an RLC network
Answer is:- only by an RLC network
23. Poles and zeros of a driving point function of a network are simple and interlace on the jw axis. The network consists of elements ?
a) R and C
b) L and C
c) R and L
d) R, L and C
Answer is :- L and C
24. For a two port reciprocal network, the output open circuit voltage divided by the input current is equal to ?
a) B
b) Z12
c) ?
d) h12
Answer is :- Z12
25. In a short electric doublet the radiation properties are so that-
a) The induction field diminishes as the square root of the distance and is only appreciable in the vicinity of the conductor.
b) In the radiation, magnetic field is minimum when the current is maximum.
c) The radiation resistance of a short doublet antenna is extremely high.
d) Mean rate of power through a unit area of spherical sphere surrounding this doublet is proportional to the square of the elemental length, other factors remaining constant.
Answer is :-Mean rate of power through a unit area of spherical sphere surrounding this doublet is proportional to the square of the elemental length, other factors remaining constant.
26. The frequency modulated (FM) radio frequency range is nearly -
a) 250 ?300 MHz
b) 150 ? 200 MHz
c) 90 ? 105 MHz
d) 30-70 MHz
Answer is :-90 ? 105 MHz
27. In an underground cable the distortion in the transmission of carrier frequency can be eliminated by using -
a) Inductive loading
b) Resistive loading
c) Capacitive loading
d) Shielding
Answer is :- Inductive loading
28. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line with inductance 0.294 mH /m and capacitance 60 pF/m is -
a) 49 W
b) 60 W
c) 70 W
d) 140 W
Answer is :- 70 W
30. For a quarter wavelength ideal transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 ohms and load impedance 100 ohms, the input impedance will be ?
a) 25W
b) 50W
c) 100W
d) 150W
Answer is :- 25W
31. The depth of penetration or skin depth for an electromagnetic field of frequency ?f? in a conductor of resistivity r and permeability m is-
a) inversely proportional to r and f and directly proportional to m
b) directly proportional to r and inversely proportional to f and m
c) directly proportional to f and inversely proportional to r and m
d) inversely proportional to r and m and directly proportional to f
Answer is :- directly proportional to r and inversely proportional to f and m
32. When an antenna has a gain of 44dB then assuming that the main beam of the antenna is circular in cross-section the beam width will be -
a) 0.4456 0
b) 1.44560
c) 2.44560
d) 3.44560
Answer is :- 2.44560
33. Lens antennas used for microwaves are usually made of -
a) Polystyrene
b) Glass of low refractive index
c) Paraboloid surfaces
d) Dielectric media having large refractive index
Answer is :- Polystyrene
34. One of the following types of instrument which is an electrometer is -
a) Electrodynamometer
b) PMMC
c) Electrostatic
d) Moving iron
Answer is :- Electrostatic
35. When an ac current of 5A and dc current of 5A flow simultaneously through a circuit then which of the following statement is true ?
a) An ac ammeter will read less than 10A but more than 5A
b) An ac ammeter will read only 5A
c) A dc ammeter will read 10A
d) A dc ammeter will read zero
Answer is :- An ac ammeter will read less than 10A but more than 5A
36. When Q factor of a circuit is high, then -
a) power factor of the circuit is high
b) impedance of the circuit is high
c) bandwidth is large
d) none of these
Answer is :- none of these
37. The resolution of a logic analyser is -
a) the maximum number of input channels
b) the minimum duration of the glitch it can capture
c) it?s internal clock period
d) the minimum amplitude of input signal it can display
Answer is :- the minimum amplitude of input signal it can display
38. A memoryless system is ?
a) causal
b) not causal
c) nothing can be said
d) none
Answer is :- causal
39. An air capacitor is a ?
a) time variant
b) active device
c) time invariant
d) time invariant and passive device
Answer is :-time invariant and passive device
40. Thermistors are made of -
a) pure metals
b) pure insulators
c) sintered mixtures of metallic oxides
d) pure semiconductor
Answer is :- sintered mixtures of metallic oxides
41. Pirani gauge is used to measure ?
a) very low pressures
b) high pressures
c) pressures in the region of 1 atm
d) fluid flow
Answer is :- very low pressures
42. These circuits converts input power at one frequency to output power at a different frequency through one stage conversion ?
a) AC voltage controllers
b) Cyclo converters
c) Phase controlled rectifiers
d) Inverters
Answer is :-Cyclo converters
43. In a forward voltage Triggering thyristor changes from ?
a) off state to on state
b) on state to off state
c) on state to on state
d) off state to off state
Answer is :- off state to on state
44. A thyristor, when triggered, will change from forward blocking state to conduction state if its anode to cathode voltage is equal to -
a) peak repetitive off state forward voltage
b) peak working off state forward voltage
c) peak working off state reverse voltage
d) peak non-repetitive off state forward voltage
Answer is :- peak working off state forward voltage
45. Gate characteristic of a thyristor-
a) is a straight line passing through origin
b) is of the type Vg = a + bIg
c) is a curve between Vg and Ig
d) has a spread between two curves of Vg ? Ig
Answer is :-has a spread between two curves of Vg ? Ig
46. A four quadrant operation requires-
a) two full converters in series
b) two full converters connected back to back
c) two full converters connected in parallel
d) two semi converters connected back to back
Answer is :-two full converters connected back to back
47. If for a single phase half bridge inverter, the amplitude of output voltage is Vs and the output power is P, then their corresponding values for a single phase full bridge inverter are ?
a) Vs, P
b) Vs/2, P
c) 2Vs, 2P
d) 2Vs, P
Answer is :- 2Vs, 2P
48. In an enhancement type MOSFET the output V-I characteristics has ?
a) only an ohmic region
b) only a saturation region
c) only ohmic region at 10 W voltage value followed by a saturation region at higher voltages
d)an ohmic region at large voltage values preceded by a saturation region at lower voltages
Answer is :- only ohmic region at 10 W voltage value followed by a saturation region at higher voltages
49. The energy gap in a semiconductor -
a) increases with temperature
b) remains constant
c) slightly increase with temperature
d) decrease with temperature
Answer is :-decrease with temperature
50. In an electronic circuit matching means -
a) connecting a high impedance directly to low impedance
b) selection of components which are compatible
c) transferring maximum amount of signal between different kinds of circuits.
d) RC coupled stages
Answer is :-transferring maximum amount of signal between different kinds of circuits.
51. P channel FETs are less superior than N channel FETs because
a) They have higher input impedance
b) They have high switching time
c) They consume less power
d) Mobility of electrons is greater than that of holes
Answer is :- Mobility of electrons is greater than that of holes
52. Small increase in temperature in the CE connected transistor is the -
a) Increase in ICEO
b) Increase in ac current gain
c) Decrease in ac current gain
d) Increase in output resistance
Answer is :- Increase in ICEO
53. An amplifier has a band width of 20 KHz and a midband gain of 50 without feedback. If a negative feedback of 1% is applied then bandwidth with feedback is -
a) 13. 3 KHz
b) 30KHz
c) 10KHz
d) 40KHz
Answer is :- 30KHz
54. The output of a class B amplifier -
a) is distortion free
b) consists of positive half cycles only
c) is like the output of a full wave rectifier
d) comprises short duration current pulses
Answer is :- consists of positive half cycles only
55. An amplifier with negative feedback -
a) lowers its lower 3 dB frequency
b) raises its upper 3 dB frequency
c) increases its bandwidth
d) all of the above
Answer is :- all of the above
56. What changes would be necessary in block C if FM signals are to be received -
a) Block becomes redundant
b) A FM detector would be required
c) A high frequency signal generator
1d) An additional local oscillator will be needed
Answer is :- A FM detector would be required
57. The main disadvantage of Diode-Transistor logic (DTL) is its-
a) greater speed
b) slower speed
c) average speed
d) none of the above
Answer is :- slower speed
58. Time delay Dt in digital signals in an SIS O shift register is given by ?
a) Dt = N ? Fc
b) Dt = N ? 1/Fc
c) Dt = 1/N ? Fc
d) Dt = N ? 1/Fc
Answer is :- Dt = N ? 1/Fc
59. The output Qn is 1 in a JK flip flop and it does not change when clock pulse is applied) The possible combination of Jn and Kn can be ?
(y denotes don?t care)
a) y and 0
b) y and 1
c) 0 and y
d) 1 and y
Answer is :- y and 0
60. Basic memory cell of dynamic RAM consists of ?
a) a flip flop
b) a transistor acting as a capacitor
c) a transistor
d) a capacitance
Answer is :- a transistor acting as a capacitor
61. The 2?s complement of 10002 is ?
a) 0111
b) 0101
c) 1000
d) 0001
Answer is :-1000
62. Master slave flip-flop is made up of ?
a) two flip flops connected in series
b) two flip flops connected in parallel
c) a debouncer circuit
d) a-D- latch
Answer is :-two flip flops connected in series
63. Number of nybbles making one byte is ?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16
Answer is :- 2
64. The intrinsic impedance of free space-
a) is independent of frequency
b) decreases with increase of frequency
c) increases with increase of frequency
d) varies as square root of frequency
Answer is :-is independent of frequency
65. A system consists of 12 poles and 2 zeroes. Its high frequency asymptote in its magnitude plot has a slope of -
a) ?200 dB/decade
b) ?240 dB/decade
c) ?230 dB/decade
d) ?320 dB/decade
Answer is :- ?200 dB/decade
66. Considering the conditions-
1. High loop gain 2. Less ringing 3. Greater damping 4 Negative dB gain margin
System stability requirements would include?
a) 1 and 3
b) 1, 2 and 3
c) 1 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4
Answer is :-2, 3 and 4
67. In the equatorial plane only Geosynchronous satellite are launched because it is the only plane which provides ?
a) 24 hour orbit
b) stationary satellite
c) global communication
d) zero-gravity environs
Answer is :- stationary satellite
68. Radio Broadcasting is an example of ?
a) space multiplexing
b) time multiplexing
c) frequency multiplexing
d) none of the above
Answer is :- frequency multiplexing
69. PAM signals can be demodulation by using a ?
a) Low pass filters (LPE) alone
b) A Schmitt trigger followed by a LPF
c) A differentiator followed by a LPF
d) A clipper circuit by a LPF
Answer is:- A clipper circuit by a LPF
70. In an FDM receiver channels can be separated by using ?
a) AND gates
b) Band pass
c) differentiation
d) Integration
Answer is :- AND gates
71. The most common modulation system used for telegraphy is-
a) frequency shift keying
b) two ? tone modulation
c) pulse code modulation
d) single tone modulation
Answer is :- frequency shift keying
72. Use of varoctor diode in generation of modulated segial be-
a) FM generation only
b) 100AM generation only
c) PM generation only
d) both PM and AM generation
Answer is :- FM generation only
73. In colour picture tube shadow mask is used to-
a) reduce x-ray emission
b) ensure that each beam strikes only its own dots
c) increase screen brightness
d) provide degaussing for the screen
Answer is :- increase screen brightness
74. The circuit that separates composite video warefore from the sync pulses is-
a) the keyed AGC amplifar
b) a clipper
c) an integrator
d) a sawtooth current
Answer is :- a sawtooth current
75. Band width of microwaves is-
a) 1GHz -103 GHz
b) 1GHz ?100 GHz
c) 1 GHz ?10 GHz
d) 1 GHz ? 106 GHz
Answer is :- 1GHz -103 GHz
76. In transverse Magnetic mode-
a) no electric line is in direction of propagation
b) no magnetic line is in direction of propagation
c) bath magnetic & electric lines are is direction of propagation
d) neither magnetic nor electric lines in direction of propagation
Answer is :- no magnetic line is in direction of propagation
77. Signal transmission in sky wave propagation is due to ?
a) Reforction of wave
b) Reflection of wave
c) Pierus through Inosphere
d) None
Answer is :- Reforction of wave
78. According to Barkhausen Criterion Phase shift of signal should be ?
a) 6000
b) 9000
c) 18000
d) 36000
Answer is :- 3600
79. The transmission does not have -
a) Partition noise
b) Flicker noise
c) resistance
d) Short noise
Answer is :- Partition noise
80. Varoctor diode has non linearity of -
a) capacitance
b) Inductance
c) Resistance
d) Is a linear device
Answer is :- capacitance
81. Noise figure is calculated as ?
a) i/p signal to noise ratio X o/p signal to noise ratio
b) i/p S/N Ratio / O/P S/N Ratio
c) i/p S/N Ratio / O/P S/N Ratio X 100
d) i/p S/N Ratio + O/P S/N Ratio
Answer is :- i/p S/N Ratio / O/P S/N Ratio
82. You can determine quickly the effect of adding poles and zeros by ?
a) Nicholas chart
b) Nyquist plot
c) Bode plot
d) Root locus.
Answer is :- Bode plot
83. The polar plot of G(S) = intercepts real axis at w = wo. Then, the real part and wo are given by-
a) ?5, 1
b) ?2.5, 1
c) ?5,0-5
d) ?5, 2
Answer is :- ?5, 1
84. Laplace transform F (s) of a function f (E) is given by F(s)=10s(s+7)/(s+1)(s+8)(s+10)
The initial and final values of F (t) will be respectively-
a) zero and 1
b) zero and 10
c) 10 and zero
d) 70 and 80
Answer is :-10 and zero
85. A satellite link uses different frequencies for receiving and transmitting in order to ?
a) avoid interference from terrestrial microwave links
b) avoid interference between its powerful transmitted signals and weak in coming signal
c) minimize free-space losses
d) maximize antenna gain
Answer is :- avoid interference between its powerful transmitted signals and weak in coming signal
86. The first determining factor in selecting a satellite system is its-
a) EIRP
b) Antenna size
c) Coverage area
d) Antenna gain
Answer is :- Coverage area
87. Equalizing pulses in TV are sent during-
a) horizontal blanking
b) vertical blanking
c) the serrations
d) the horizontal retrace
Answer is :-vertical blanking
88. The son seems to have ??? from his father a somewhat gloomy and moody manner-
a) washed
b) inherited
c) admired
d) attempt
Answer is :-inherited
89. Essayist works with words as sculptor with-
a) water
b) stone
c) air
d) hills
Answer is :- stone
90. What is a collection of sheep called ?
a) bunch
b) flock
c) herd
d) comet
Answer is :- flock
91. Join these sentences meaningfully by choosing the correct alternative from the following :
You can buy a book. You can read it.
a) and
b) nor
c) either
d) neither
Answer is :- and
92. What is the opposite of Asperity ?
a) gentility
b) superiority
c) kindness
d) clarity
Answer is :- superiority
93. The Election Commission functions under-
a) Ministry of Home Affairs
b) Ministry of Law
c) Prime Minister?s Secretariat
d) None of these
Answer is :-None of these
94. Article 352 of Indian Constitution needs to be revoked in case-
a) President?s Rule is to be imposed
b) Emergency is declared
c) Services of a Government servant are to be terminated without any enquiry
d) A political party of national level is to be banned
Answer is :- Emergency is declared
95. Radio-activity was first discovered by-
a) Becquerel
b) Madam Curie
c) Rutherford
d) Jenner
Answer is :- Becquerel
96. Ninth Plan in India ranges from-
a) 1995-2000
b) 1996-2001
c) 1997-2002
d) 1998-2003
Answer is :- 1997-2002
97. How much electricity does India propose to generate through nuclear power by the year 2000 AD?
a) 5,000 MW
b) 10,000 MW
c) 15,000 MW
d) 20,000 MW
Answer is :- 10,000 MW
98. In which year did the fall of Bastille take place?
a) 1769
b) 1789
c) 1889
d) 1869
Answer is :- 1789
99. To form a quorum how many members of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha should be present?
a) 1/10th of total membership
b) 1/6th of total membership
c) 1/4th of total membership
d) 1/5th of total membership
Answer is :- 1/10th of total membership
100. How may countries are non-permanent members of the Security Council?
a) 6
b) 7
c) 9
d) 10
Answer is :- 10
101. The International Date Line is represented by-
a) 1000meridian
b) 000 meridian
c) 1800meridian
d) 900 meridian
Answer is :- 1800 meridian
102. India?s first satellite was launched from-
a) Sriharikota
b) Cape Kennedy
c) Bangalore
d) A Soviet cosmodrome
Answer is :- A Soviet cosmodrome
103. Name the author of the famous book ?Politics?-
a) Aristotle
b) Socrates
c) Plato
d) None of them
Answer is :- Aristotle
104. ?Guernica? is Picasso?s painting on-
a) The Spanish Civil War
b) The American Civil War
c) The French Revolution
d) The Russian Revolution
Answer is :- The Spanish Civil War
105. The object of the Supreme Court?s Keshvanand Bharati ruling is -
a) To put a limit on Parliament?s amendatory powers
b) To give unlimited powers to Parliament to amend the Constitution
c) To give precedence to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights
d) None of these
Answer is :- To put a limit on Parliament?s amendatory powers
106. Which country in July ?99 officially announced mastering of indigenously developed neutron bomb technology?
a) N. Korea
b) France
c) India
d) China
Answer is :- China
107. Shifting cultivation is commonly used in which of the following states?
a) Tamil Nadu
b) Maharashtra
c) Jammu and Kashmir
d) Nagaland
Answer is :- Nagaland
108) The polar plot of G(S) = 10/s(s+1)2 intercepts real axis at w = wo. Then, the real part and wo are given by?
Answer is :- ?5, 1

Federer the greatest ever - Lloyd

The Swiss, 27, beat Robin Soderling 6-1 7-6 (7-1) 6-4 to complete his set of Grand Slam titles and equal Pete Sampras's record total of 14.

"He's completed the set and in my opinion he's got to be the greatest player of all time," said Lloyd.

"He's now won on all four surfaces and I think he's going to win more."

Federer joins Fred Perry, Don Budge, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and Andre Agassi as a winner of all four Grand Slam titles and matches the record total of Sampras, who never managed to win on the clay of Roland Garros.

World number two Federer had lost to Rafael Nadal in the last three French Open finals, as well as the 2005 semi-final, but the Spaniard suffered his first-ever defeat at Roland Garros when Soderling beat him in the fourth round.
Great Britain Davis Cup captain Lloyd says the fact that Federer did not have to beat Nadal does not take the shine off his achievement, and the Swiss will go on to break Sampras's record.

"He just wanted to win this title, he doesn't care who he plays in the final," said Lloyd. "In an ideal world if he played Nadal in the final and won it, great, but he just wants to win the title. He's done that now, we can put it to rest.

"He'll now feel so relieved that he could win three, four, five more before he's finished."

After coming through a titanic struggle in his five-set semi-final win over Juan Martin del Potro, Federer was never troubled by Soderling as he took his head-to-head record against the Swede to 10-0.

"The way Federer took him apart in that first set was just magnificent," said Lloyd. "He came out and played like it was the first round and not the final where he was about to make history by winning all four Grand Slams. It was quite remarkable.

"I thought he might get a little bit more nervous but the first set was the best he played in the whole tournament.

"He knew he had a 9-0 record against Soderling and had only lost one set in those matches, and he thought 'I'm going to dominate from the first point to make sure you have no chance to get into the match', and that's what he did.

"Federer knows that Soderling is dangerous when playing his best, and these two weeks he's gone up three levels mainly because the mental side of his game has improved dramatically.

"He was a big threat. Federer would have been wary of the pace of his shots and thought he would have to play well, but he played brilliantly - job done."

And Federer now heads to Wimbledon looking to regain the title he lost to Nadal in last year's epic final, something Lloyd is backing the Swiss to achieve as the Spaniard has pulled out of next week's Queen's Club event with a knee injury.

"I would put Federer as the favourite for Wimbledon now after the way he's won the French and looked so convincing," said the former Australian Open finalist.

"Nadal didn't play well here, although there may have been an injury, but he didn't look particularly good from the first round and we don't know how bad his knee is.

"I would think that without Nadal having any grass-court play going into Wimbledon you would have to put the favourite's tag back on Federer."

I would put Federer as the favourite for Wimbledon now after the way he's won the French and looked so convincing

John Lloyd